It appears in similar contexts in Ugaritic texts where the expression bn 'il alternates with bn 'ilm, but both must mean 'sons of l'. Cross (1973, p.19) points out that Ptah is often called the Lord (or one) of eternity and thinks it may be this identification of l with Ptah that lead to the epithet 'olam 'eternal' being applied to l so early and so consistently. Enlil was known as the god of rain, wind, and storm, and it was he who separated heaven from Earth and made way for life as we know it, also becoming the god of earth in the process. Nibiru Science 21 Who is SATURN? Their civilization existed between about 4,500 BCE and 1,900 BCE. She then proceeded to turn it into a living, breathing human with the help of seven goddesses including Ninmah, who played the role of a midwife. An, the Sumerian deity who ruled heaven, was the most important god, and the most important deity, in the religion overall. Albrecht Alt presented his theories on the original differences of such gods in Der Gott der Vter in 1929. Source:https://www.podbean.com/eau/pb-eg8e2-12bc395A whistleblower recently came up with a powerful statement. In D. N. Freedman (Ed. It is believed that Nammu held greater importance in earlier times, but as there are no written records of those times, this is impossible to say with certainty. Another is that in much of the Hebrew Bible the name El is an alternative name for Yahweh, but in the Elohist and Priestly traditions it is considered an earlier name than Yahweh. Saturn's mythological reign was depicted as a Golden Age of abundance and peace. The similarity between Bl ad (lord of the mountain), referring to Amurru/Sn, and Yahwehs epithet El Shaddai (God of the mountain) is obvious. Such mythological motifs are variously seen as late survivals from a period when Yahweh held a place in theology comparable to that of Hadad at Ugarit; or as late henotheistic/monotheistic applications to Yahweh of deeds more commonly attributed to Hadad; or simply as examples of eclectic application of the same motifs and imagery to various different gods. Saturn: A very ancient god, the father of many of the others. Robert William Rogers, ed., Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (New York: Eaton & Mains, & Cincinnati: Jennings & Graham, 1912), pp. Jesus is really the son of Ouranos, or the deity that is above and controls the dome. One of the key points to her story was her love affair with Dumuzi, the god of shepherds, and how she ended up being the cause for his demise. In Judges 9:46 we find 'l Brt 'God of the Covenant', seemingly the same as the Ba'al Brt 'Lord of the Covenant' whose worship has been condemned a few verses earlier. Shamash, as the solar deity, exercised the power of light over darkness and evil. Not to follow rabbits too far off the main trail here, but that begs the question: Were the Amorites and Hurrians related? He is often depicted in paintings as an elderly man with a long beard . Other establishments dedicated to him were the temple Kurigalzu I and a ziggurat called Elugalgalgasisa. His other children, depending on the version of the myth, were Enki, Nikikurga, Nidaba, Baba, and even Inanna and Kumarbi. In fact, Sumerian poetry referred to him as being greatly concerned with human civilization as a whole. The case of ala and ala", Bartleby: American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic Roots: l, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_(deity)&oldid=1150397638, Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible, Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles containing Ugaritic-language text, Articles containing Phoenician-language text, Articles containing Akkadian-language text, Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 23:37. We should also remember that the Akkadians sealed a political alliance with the Hurrians around this time by marrying off the daughter of Narm-Sn to theendan(king) of Urkesh. The Hebrew form () appears in Latin letters in Standard Hebrew transcription as El and in Tiberian Hebrew transcription as l. Ascribe to Yahweh, glory and strength. This is a plausible scenario, given that the Sumerian homeland in southern Iraq is noticeably devoid of mountains. Yet you are man and not 'El even though you have made your heart like the heart of 'elhm ('gods').'". Four Sumerians, whose names we do have, fall somewhere between myth, legend, and history. The chief god of Mesopotamia before the political rise of Babylon was the deity called the Great Mountain, Enlil. Saturn's Black Cube holds a massive tank that acts as a harvesting station for blood sacrifice from human beings, in any way . At last, with the advice of his daughter Athena and the god Hermes Trismegistus (perhaps Thoth), l successfully attacks his father Sky with a sickle and spear of iron. According to the Sumerians these gods came from the planet Nibiru 'Planet of the Crossing.' The Assyrians and Babylonians called it 'Marduk', after their chief god. Mesopotamian equivalent: Enlil: Hurrian equivalent: . That makes the etymology of Enlils name easier to grasp: Rather than Sumerianen+ll, his name most likely derives from a doubling of the Semitic wordilu(god): il + il, meaning god of gods,[4]or god of all the gods.[5]. [6]Frank Moore Cross,Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 41. The sun gods appearance was similar to those of other important deities of the region, with a knife and some rays of fire differentiating him from his peers. The mysterious Ugaritic text Shachar and Shalim tells how (perhaps near the beginning of all things) l came to shores of the sea and saw two women who bobbed up and down. Its not a stretch to theorize that the cult of the god, Kumarbi/El/Enlil, was carried to Harran by travelers along that route over the centuries. Mark Smith has argued that Yahweh and El were originally separate, but were considered synonymous from very early on. One of the most highly regarded female deities in early Mesopotamian religion, Nammugave birth to An and Ki the gods of heaven and earth. The Babylonians replaced the Sumerian national gods Enlil and Enki with the patron god of Babylon, Marduk, and his son, Nab though Marduk was actually taken to be the son of Enki (called Ea in Babylonian). Similarly, it is argued inconclusively whether l Shaddi, l 'lm, l 'Elyn, and so forth, were originally understood as separate divinities. The highest echelon of gods in Sumerian religion were known as the Anunnaki. 47, No. Some non-specialists have made videos on the . [16], The Egyptian god Ptah is given the title gitti 'Lord of Gath' in a prism from Tel Lachish which has on its opposite face the name of Amenhotep II (c. 14351420 BCE). And its known that Urkesh and Harran were connected by an important trade route, linking the resource-rich mountains north of Urkesh to markets in northern Syria and the Mediterranean port near Antioch. The Sumerians built the gigantic ziggurat of Etemenanki to honor their supreme god, Marduk. The fragmentary text R.S. The 8-pointed star is the pentacle of Jupiter. While there are a number of "central characters" in the myths and legends of the Anunnaki, much of the action revolves around these two sibling rivals. For example, in the Ugaritic texts, il mlk is understood[13] to mean "l the King" but il hd as "the god Hadad". These entities gave birth to An, the god of the sky which doubled as heaven, and Ki, who represented the Earth. (Father of Heaven / Saturn) and his major son: "Hadad" (Father of Earth / Jupiter), are symbolized both . This research identifies the Mesopotamian deity Amurru, generally considered a separate entity by most scholars, as the moon-god, and places the center of his cult in the very region that produced the family of Abrahamthe area along the Balikh River and around the city of Harran, which was home to a well-known temple to Sn. Poseidon is known to have been worshipped in Beirut, his image appearing on coins from that city. Her popularity saw a spike in the early days of Babylon, eventually going on to become the foremost of healing deities for the civilization. [6]In my view, this is Fallen Realm Fake News to diminish the true God of heaven (and earth, and all creation) by slandering the sky-god as remote, disinterested, and, in some accounts, literally neutered. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/amorites/, retrieved 3/11/21. He created the trees and fertile fields and was the brother of Enten, the god of winter. Like an aging movie star who gradually finds leading roles harder to come by as younger actors arrive in Hollywood, Enlil was eventually replaced as the king of Mesopotamian deities by the city-god of Babylon, Marduk, a process that was complete by about the twelfth century BC.[23]. In a later passage it is explained that l castrated Sky. The names of these wives are not explicitly provided, but some confusing rubrics at the beginning of the account mention the goddess Athirat, who is otherwise l's chief wife, and the goddess Ramayyu ("the one of the womb"), otherwise unknown. [11] l is listed at the head of many pantheons. She was older than her more lively sister Inanna, hated her passionately, and was a stone-cold queen who enforced the law that no one could leave the underworld without leaving a replacement behind. This, by the way, follows the broad outlines of Enlils career: A text from Nineveh recounts a myth in which divine beings break the wings of Enlil and Anu and cast them down into the Abyss (aps). The group consisted of 7 gods: An, Enlil, Enki, Ki/Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu, and Inanna. Capricorn is said to be ruled by the planet Saturn. Two other apparent fossilized expressions are arz-'l 'cedars of God' (generally translated something like 'mighty cedars', 'goodly cedars') in Psalm 80:10 (in Hebrew verse 11) and kharr-'l 'mountains of God' (generally translated something like 'great mountains', 'mighty mountains') in Psalm 36:7 (in Hebrew verse 6). Saturn (Latin: Sturnus [satrns]) was a god in ancient Roman religion, and a character in Roman mythology.He was described as a god of time, generation, dissolution, abundance, wealth, agriculture, periodic renewal and liberation. Despite his position in the mythological hierarchy of ancient Sumer, there are almost no surviving visual depictions of him, and written ones are vague and inconsistent. This included the aforementioned air god Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and sun god Utu. His other children, depending on the version of the myth, were Enki, Nikikurga, Nidaba, Baba, and even Inanna and Kumarbi. A fuller account of the sacrifice appears later: It was a custom of the ancients in great crises of danger for the rulers of a city or nation, in order to avert the common ruin, to give up the most beloved of their children for sacrifice as a ransom to the avenging daemons; and those who were thus given up were sacrificed with mystic rites. When Inanna visited the Netherworld, Ereshkigal had her stripped naked by the time she crossed the seven gates of hell, and proceeded to change her into a corpse. [23], In some inscriptions, the name 'l qne 'ar (Punic: l qn r) meaning "l creator of Earth" appears, even including a late inscription at Leptis Magna in Tripolitania dating to the second century. E.g. Unlike Enlil, however, Enki was almost always nice to humans, appearing to be wiser and more peaceful than his master. Its true that correlation does not imply causation, but the arrival in Sumer of that epithet at about the same time as groups of Semitic-speaking Akkadians and Amorites is strong circumstantial evidence. But of this massive group, a few stand out in their significance to Sumerian religion and mythology. Annunaki = Egyptian = Greek = Roman = Biblical Equivalents Anu (An) = Sobek = Cronus = Saturn But this is a complex topic, and I do not want to . Shamash, (Akkadian), Sumerian Utu, in Mesopotamian religion, the god of the sun, who, with the moon god, Sin (Sumerian: Nanna), and Ishtar (Sumerian: Inanna), the goddess of Venus, was part of an astral triad of divinities. The god of the southern deserts The first mention of the Israelite tribe itself is a victory stele erected around 1210 BCE by the pharaoh Mernetpah (sometimes called "the Israel stele"). [42] It is Yahweh who is prophesied to one day battle Leviathan the serpent, and slay the dragon in the sea in Isaiah 27:1. 24.258 describes a banquet to which l invites the other gods and then disgraces himself by becoming outrageously drunk and passing out after confronting an otherwise unknown Hubbay, "he with the horns and tail". While most religions today are firmly rooted in the idea of a perennial god who transcends the very concept of time, the Sumerians believed that their primary gods came from the union between the goddess Nammu the Sumerian goddess of what was considered the primordial sea or salt water bodies and her partner Engur, who was not a deity but a personification of what was assumed to be an underground ocean of freshwater called the Abzu or Apsu. The latter descriptions are supported by a tale of how Enlil and Enki ordered the gods Labar and Ashnan to Earth in order to give cattle and grain to its inhabitants. Rather than exhausting the subject after the point has been made, we'll summarize: The chief god of the Roman pantheon, the deity worshiped in the Capitolium, was the storm-god, Jupiter. This recent reconsideration of the nature of Enlil is quite different from the way the god has traditionally been understood by scholars. Personal names including the stem l are found with similar patterns in both Amorite and Sabaic. Even though his name isnt mentioned even once in our English Bibles, the proof of Enlils power is written in the Old Testament. But others have argued that from patriarchal times, these different names were in fact generally understood to refer to the same single great god, l. They saluted him as husband. Semitic civilizations referred to the god Saturn as "El". [In Minoan mythology, Saturn was known as the Great Goddess and Rhea was known as the Mistress of Animals. Her primary temples were called Esabad and Egalmah. [22]With the emergence of Enlil as the chief god of the land, Nippur, also transliterated as Nibru, became the center of Mesopotamian religion. Seven celestial objects share a property borne by no other in the sky. Unlike the modern idea of heaven, Sumerian heaven was essentially the sky, which was where some gods lived. The m-enclitic appears elsewhere in the Tanakh and in other Semitic languages. 12th celestial body found in our solar system, ruled by Anu and spouse Antu. Going back to the 8th century BCE, the bilingual inscription[53] at Karatepe in the Taurus Mountains equates l-Creator-of-the-Earth to Luwian hieroglyphs read as da-a-,[54] this being the Luwian form of the name of the Babylonian water god Ea, lord of the abyss of water under the earth. . The Sumerians believed in many gods. He was father to three other children as well Marduk, Uttu, and Ninti. He is tikuka ("your patriarch"). "El" (Father of Heaven / Saturn) and his major son: "Hadad" (Father of Earth / Jupiter), are symbolized both by the bull, and both wear bull horns on their headdresses.[29][30][31][32]. In the P strand, Exodus 6:3 may be translated: I revealed myself to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as l Shaddi, but was not known to them by my name, YHVH. In this article, I am going to give you a crash course in the mythology of Enki and Enlil. The title gitti is also found in Serbit text 353. During the time of Abraham and Isaac, in texts dated between 1900 BC and 1791 BC,[8]the only two gods attested among the Amorites of Mesopotamia were the moon-god and the god. Roman - Saturn and Ops If you are committed to the ancient . In fact, the Akkadian root Ilu from which the semitic theonym El is derived has its origin in the Sumero-Akkadian religious culture and was associated with Anu. l was sexually aroused and took the two with him, killed a bird by throwing a staff at it, and roasted it over a fire. Uranus was not discovered until the 1800's, but the astronomers in that time period continued the tradition of naming planets after Roman gods. However, Inanna had planned for this in advance, telling her vizier Ninshubur to inform the greater gods in the event that she did not return on time. Traditionally bn 'lm has been interpreted as 'sons of the mighty', 'mighty ones', for 'El can mean 'mighty', though such use may be metaphorical (compare the English expression [by] God awful). This is a striking parallel with the Akkadian personal names. To the ancient Egyptians, the sun god Atum-Ra, the model ruler, reigned over the fortunate era for a time, then retired from the world. The text was translated by Rosenthal (1969, p.658) as follows: An eternal bond has been established for us. After the Doomsday cataclysm Minoan tradition gave way to Greek tradition. [14]However, the epithetkur-galhas not been found in any Sumerian text prior to the rise of Sargon in the late twenty-fourth century BC,[15]evidence that this particular title of the god was introduced to Sumer by the Akkadians, rather than a holdover from the dim Sumerian past. But Enlils prestige continued for centuries afterward. The earliest writings of both are roughly contemporary, and occur interchangeably. The Semitic root lh (Arabic ilh, Aramaic Alh, Elh, Hebrew elah) may be l with a parasitic h, and l may be an abbreviated form of lh. [48], Sky and Earth have separated from one another in hostility, but Sky insists on continuing to force himself on Earth and attempts to destroy the children born of such unions. They also said Anunnaki lifespans were 120 sars which is 120 x 3600 or 432,000 years. A Phoenician inscribed amulet of the seventh century BCE from Arslan Tash may refer to l. It seems that the Anunnaki are returning to ou. 2, p. 938). lm; Hebrew l, pl. One is in Ezekiel 28:2, in the taunt against a man who claims to be divine, in this instance, the leader of Tyre: Son of man, say to the prince of Tyre: "Thus says the Lord Yahweh: 'Because your heart is proud and you have said: "I am 'l (god), in the seat of 'elhm (gods), I am enthroned in the middle of the seas." In later times, Engur was essentially superseded by Enki, the Sumerian god of water, wisdom, water, and crafts whom we will meet later on. The Saturnalia festival celebrates his pleasant rule. [35] One scholarly position is that the identification of Yahweh with l is late, that Yahweh was earlier thought of as only one of many gods, and not normally identified with l. But to each of the other gods he gave two wings upon the shoulders, as meaning that they accompanied Cronus in his flight. It is important to remember that records from that long ago are often unreliable, and that there is plenty of overlap between deities as to what they are gods or goddesses of. At sunrise ama was known to emerge from his underground sleeping chamber and take a daily path across the skies [ Image 1 ]. This included the aforementioned air god Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and sun god Utu. Sumerians honoured ca 1000 gods, about fifty of whom were considered the main gods, and espe-cially important were seven gods - the Great Seven. Although the gods Nanna and Enlil refused to come to her aid, good old Enki sprang into action and tried to have Inanna extracted from the Nether realm. Sumerian myth dictates that while almost every Sumerian god was a powerful being with supernatural abilities at their disposal, they were far from being the kind of omnipotent, supreme deity we have become accustomed to thanks to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Another version attributes the idea to Nammu herself. There was also no cult formed to worship her, and it is said that she is the same entity as the goddesses Ninmah, Ninhursag, and Nintu, among others. [11]Today, its home to about six hundred souls in war-torn Afrin province of northwestern Syria; in the second millennium BC, it belonged to a kingdom called Mukish, which is likely why Hurrian religious texts name Kumarbis vizier as Mukishanu.[12]. And the symbol meant that Cronus could see when asleep, and sleep while waking: and similarly in the case of the wings, that he flew while at rest, and was at rest when flying. Additionally, these deities were depicted to either be human in form or, at the very least, anthropomorphic. Ninurta began his divine career as a god of irrigation and agriculture. An additional name, which is only attested in literary texts, is Dilimbabbar. So, possession of Nippur was crucial for an ambitious ruler in Sumer. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: James Hardy, "The 10 Most Important Sumerian Gods", History Cooperative, April 22, 2022, https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/. However, it is said in Genesis 14:1820 that Abraham accepted the blessing of El, when Melchizedek, the king of Salem and high priest of its deity El Elyon blessed him. 4. They include Ugaritic ilu, pl. Why these two? Its meaning is unknown, possibly simply emphasis. She was the embodiment of the primeval sea, which played a major part in the creation of the world, and also considered the mother goddess. In some cases, he was denoted as a consort of Nammu. EMESH - The Sumerian god of summer and personification of summer. She was also a patron of Uruk, where she was later known as Ishtar in the Babylonian version of events. Nimrod's Babylonian followers worshipped him as Marduk - the god of war and fortresses. He was called Nanna in Sumerian, and Su'en or Sin in Akkadian. According to mythology, the god Saturn stole the position of king of the gods from his father Uranus. [17]The Hurrians (the Horites of the Bible) and Amorites were among the tribes Joshua and the Israelites had to push out of Canaan. If you are learning about the Anunnaki, two names you are going to hear a lot are Enki and Enlil. The Sumerian An, ruling with "terrifying splendor," was the central luminary of the sky, but not our sun, and later departed to a more remote domain. Over the millennia, Sumerians branched off into Akkadians and later Babylonians, with the core mythology undergoing anywhere between minute and massive changes. Later, perhaps referring to this same death of Sadidus we are told: But on the occurrence of a pestilence and mortality Cronus offers his only begotten son as a whole burnt-offering to his father Sky and circumcises himself, compelling his allies also to do the same. 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Crucial for an ambitious ruler in Sumer coins from that city is only attested literary... Appearing to be wiser and more peaceful than his master parallel with the Akkadian personal including! In this article, I am going to give you a crash course the!
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